博学审问 慎思 明辨 笃行
某项目，以天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶等为原料，采用密炼、开炼、硫化等主要生产工艺，生产橡胶制品。有人夸下海口说：他已经采用俗称“AP-42”的美国产污系数，对密炼、开炼、硫化工序的废气污染物 VOCs 源强进行核算。
形势陡然变得严峻，那么：我到底要怎样去验证他提供的产污系数是否正确？
1 它在哪？
我根据他提供的关键字，登录美国环境保护署网站，搜索关于“AP-42”的所有条目，顺利找到了橡胶制品制造的 VOCs 产污系数的出处：
- AP-42: Compilation of Air Emissions Factors from Stationary Sources（AP-42：固定污染源空气排放因子汇编）。
橡胶制品制造的相关内容，出现在第 4 章：
- AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I Chapter 4: Evaporation Loss Sources（AP 42，第五版，第一卷第 4 章：蒸发损失源）
- 4.12 Manufacture of Rubber Products（4.12 橡胶制品制造）
在 4.12 节下，列出了以下文件：
- Draft section – 2008 (PDF) (20 pp, 62 K) What is a draft? (txt) (TXT 1K)
- Draft Background Document – (PDF) (28 pp, 92 K)
- Emissions Factors Tables (xls)
2 它说啥？
根据 Draft section – 2008 的分类，以天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶等为原料生产橡胶制品的 VOCs 产污系数，被归类为：
- Compound #4: Tire Base/Sidewall (Natural Rubber / Polybutadiene Rubber)
| 编号 | 橡胶混合物 | |
|---|---|---|
| Compound #1 | Tire Inner Liner (BrIIR/NR) | 轮胎内衬（溴化丁基橡胶/天然橡胶） |
| Compound #2 | Tire Ply Coat (Natural Rubber / Synthetic Rubber) | 轮胎帘布涂层（天然橡胶/合成橡胶） |
| Compound #3 | Tire Belt Coat (Natural Rubber) | 轮胎带束涂层（天然橡胶） |
| Compound #4 | Tire Base/Sidewall (Natural Rubber / Polybutadiene Rubber) | 轮胎底座/胎侧（天然橡胶/聚丁二烯橡胶） |
| Compound #5 | Tire Apex (Natural Rubber) | 轮胎三角胶芯（天然橡胶） |
| Compound #6 | Tire Tread (Styrene Butadiene Rubber / Polybutadiene Rubber) | 轮胎胎面（丁苯橡胶/聚丁二烯橡胶） |
| Compound #7 | Tire Bladder (Butyl Rubber) | 轮胎气囊（丁基橡胶） |
| Compound #8 | EPDM 1 (EPDM Sulfur Cure) | 三元乙丙橡胶（硫磺硫化） |
| Compound #9 | EPDM 2 (Peroxide Cure) | 三元乙丙橡胶（过氧化物硫化） |
| Compound #10 | EPDM 3 (Non-Black EPDM Sulfur Cure) | 不填充炭黑的三元乙丙橡胶（硫磺硫化） |
| Compound #11 | CRW (Polychloroprene W Type) | 非硫磺调节型氯丁橡胶 |
| Compound #12 | CRG (Polychloroprene G Type) | 硫磺调节型氯丁橡胶 |
| Compound #13 | Paracryl OZO (NBR/PVC) | Paracryl OZO（丁腈橡胶/聚氯乙烯） |
| Compound #14 | Paracryl BLT (NBR) | Paracryl BLT（丁腈橡胶） |
| Compound #15 | Hypalon (CSM) | Hypalon（氯磺化聚乙烯） |
| Compound #16 | Fluoroelastomer (FKM) | 氟橡胶 |
| Compound #17 | AEM (Vamac) | 乙烯/丙烯酸弹性体 |
| Compound #18 | Hydrogenated Nitrile (HNBR) | 氢化丁腈橡胶 |
| Compound #19 | Silicone (VMQ) | 甲基乙烯基硅橡胶 |
| Compound #20 | Acrylate Rubber (ACM) | 丙烯酸酯橡胶 |
| Compound #21 | Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE) | 氯化聚乙烯 |
| Compound #22 | Emulsion SBR (SBR 1502) | 通用非污染型软乳聚丁苯橡胶（SBR-1502） |
| Compound #23 | Epichlorohydrin (ECO) | 氯醇橡胶 |
Draft section – 2008 还提到了以下重点：
The manufacturing of rubber products involves six principal processing steps (mixing, milling, extrusion, calendering, curing, and grinding), with ancillary steps in between.
橡胶产品的制造涉及六个主要加⼯步骤（混合、铣削、挤出、压延、固化和修整），中间还有⼀些辅助步骤。
Mixing consists of taking the raw rubber and mixing it with several chemical additives. These additives consist of accelerators (to initiate the vulcanization process), zinc oxides (to assist in accelerating vulcanization), retarders (to prevent premature vulcanization), antioxidants (to prevents aging), softeners (to facilitate processing of the rubber), carbon black or other fillers (to serve as reinforcing / strengthening agents), and inorganic or organic sulfur compounds (to serve as vulcanizing agents).
混合包括将⽣橡胶与多种化学添加剂混合。这些添加剂包括促进剂（启动硫化过程）、氧化锌（帮助加速硫化）、缓凝剂（防⽌过早硫化）、抗氧化剂（防⽌⽼化）、软化剂（促进橡胶加⼯）、炭⿊或其他填料（⽤作增强剂）以及⽆机或有机硫化合物（⽤作硫化剂）。
Mixing typically is performed in an internal batch mixer. The internal mixer contains two rotors which shear the rubber mix against the wall of the vessel. Internal mixing is performed at elevated temperatures up to approximately 330 ℉.
混合通常在内部批量混合器中进行。内部混合器包含两个转子剪切橡胶混合物使其与容器壁接触。内部混合在高达约 330 ℉ 的高温下进行。
Extrusion is often performed to combine several types of previously mixed rubber compounds. The extruder consists of a power-driven screw within a stationary cylinder. A die is attached to the head of the screw to produce the desired shape or cross section of the extruded rubber.
挤出通常用于将几种预先混合的橡胶化合物组合在一起。挤出机由固定圆筒内的电动螺杆组成。螺杆头上安装有模具，用于挤出所需形状或横截面的橡胶。
Calendering is often used in the rubber manufacturing industry to apply a rubber coat onto a continuous textile or metal mesh web. The calender is a heavy-duty machine equipped with multiple rolls revolving in opposite directions.
压延通常用于橡胶制造行业，将橡胶涂层涂在连续的织物或金属网片上。压延机是一种重型机器，配备多个反向旋转的辊。
The final step in manufacturing of rubber products is vulcanizing (curing). There are three predominant vulcanizing processes: press mold curing, autoclave curing, and hot air curing.
橡胶制品制造的最后一步是硫化（固化）。主要有三种硫化工艺：模压固化、高压釜固化和热风固化。
Press mold curing uses high temperature and pressure to cure the final product. The high pressure (600-10,000 psi) forces the rubber to conform to the shape of the mold. Press mold curing is used in tire and engineered products manufacturing.
模压固化使用高温和高压来固化最终产品。高压（600-10,000 psi）迫使橡胶符合模具的形状。压模固化用于轮胎和工程产品制造。
Autoclave curing utilizes saturated steam at an elevated pressure to cure the rubber mix. Unlike press mold curing, the product is formed into its final shape prior to the curing process. Autoclave curing is the common method in non-tire rubber manufacturing facilities.
高压釜固化利用高压饱和蒸汽来固化橡胶混合物。与压模固化不同，产品在固化过程之前形成最终形状。高压釜固化是非轮胎橡胶制造设施中的常用方法。
Hot air curing entails passing uncured, engineered products through a chamber with a heated atmosphere. Temperature and residence times may vary, depending on the product type and formulation. As with the autoclave curing, these products have already been formed into their final shape prior to undergoing the curing process.
热风固化需要将未固化的工程产品通过具有加热气氛的室。温度和停留时间可能有所不同，具体取决于产品类型和配方。与高压釜固化一样，这些产品在进行固化过程之前已经形成最终形状。
有用的信息整理如下：
- “Compound #4”：Emissions Factors Tables 中类别。
- “mixing”：混合，对应密炼。
- “Extrusion”：挤出，比较类似我认识中的开炼。大家也可以斟酌“calendering”（压延）是否接近开炼，但我感觉“calendering”更像涂布。
- “Press mold curing”：模压硫化。
- “Autoclave curing”：高压蒸汽硫化。
- “Hot air curing”：热风硫化。
3 抓住它
Emissions Factors Tables 列出的系数计量单位采用：lbs/lb rubber 或 lb/lb rubber，下表转换成我们比较容易使用的计量单位：g/t-橡胶。
| 生产工序 | 密炼 | 开炼 | 硫化 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模压 | 高压釜 | 热风 | |||
| 产污系数（TVOC，g/t-橡胶） | 38.8 | 5.67 | / | 149 | / |
大家有兴趣的话，可以参考我的方法，整理出其他类型原辅材料的橡胶制品制造产污系数。
4 夹带私货
水文一篇，预祝大山中学创校百年（1924～2024）。
了解 环评五四三 的更多信息
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